Pathogen Analysis in Ancient Individuals from the Central Eurasian Region
Main Article Content
Authors
Lyazzat Musralina
Institute of General Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, 050060, Kazakhstan
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, 0500, Kazakhstan
Aigerim Kasymbekova
Institute of General Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, 050060, Kazakhstan
Saida Tokmurzina
Institute of General Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, 050060, Kazakhstan
Aikorkem Mustafayeva
Institute of General Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, 050060, Kazakhstan
Zhantuar Kumarbekov
Institute of General Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, 050060, Kazakhstan
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, 0500, Kazakhstan
Zhasulan Zhaniyazov
Institute of General Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, 050060, Kazakhstan
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, 0500, Kazakhstan
Nazym Altynova
Institute of General Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, 050060, Kazakhstan
Leyla Jansugurova
Institute of General Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, 050060, Kazakhstan
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, 0500, Kazakhstan
Abstract
Background: Kazakhstan, situated at the crossroads of Eurasia, preserves rich archaeological materials that provide unique opportunities to study the evolution of infectious diseases. Paleogenomic research has recently identified ancient pathogens in human remains from Bronze and Iron Age contexts, offering new insights into the region’s epidemiological history.
Materials and methods: Skeletal remains from East and Central Kazakhstan, spanning the Bronze Age to the Middle Ages, were analyzed using ancient DNA extraction and next-generation sequencing. Pathogen screening was performed through metagenomic approaches, followed by phylogenetic reconstruction.
Results: Genome-wide analyses revealed Yersinia pestis in several individuals. Early Bronze Age genomes represented basal lineages predating flea-adapted strains (Andrades Valtueña et al., 2022), while fourteenth-century samples from the Tian Shan region corresponded to the source of the Black Death pandemic (Spyrou et al., 2022). Ancient hepatitis B virus (HBV) genomes were also recovered from Iron Age individuals, contributing to reconstruction of more than 10,000 years of HBV evolution (Kocher et al., 2021). Additional evidence of Salmonella enterica and parvovirus B19 suggests a broader spectrum of infections in ancient populations of Kazakhstan.
Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that Kazakhstan played a central role in the long-term history of major human pathogens. The identification of early Y. pestis lineages and HBV genomes highlights the region’s significance in tracing the evolutionary trajectories of epidemic diseases. Integration of genomic, archaeological, and epidemiological data will further advance reconstructions of ancient disease dynamics across Eurasia.
Acknowledgement: This work was supported by collaborations between the Institute of Archaeology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University (Kazakhstan) and the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (Germany)
Key words: archeogenetics, ancient pathogens