CLONALITY AND SOMACLONAL VARIATIONS IN PLANTS
Main Article Content
Authors
N.A. Ryabushkina
Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, 45 Timiryazev str., Almaty, 050040, Kazakstan
Abstract
Vegetative cloning is a form of asexual reproduction in plants by which offspring arise from somatic tissues of a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only. The importance of clonal growth should vary along environmental gradients. Microclonal propagation is multiplying stock plant material using tissue culture methods as an alternative means of asexual multiplication of economically important plants. It is assumed that in both reproduction approaches the clonal descendants should be homogenous and identical to an initial plant. Nonetheless phenotypic differences are often detected in both cases. Either clonal or microclonal variability has been proposed by two possible origins: genetic and epigenetic components. On the one hand clonal variability caused by somatic mutations is often associated with point mutations, chromosomal rearrangements and recombination, altered sequence, copy number, and retroelements transpositions. Differences between clones can also result from epigenetic modifications: DNA methylation, histone modifications, positioning of nucleosomes, and siRNAs in response to the environment. The presence of a disorganized growth phase in stress conditions of tissue culture is considered as one of the factors that cause somaclonal variations. The combination of genotypic and epigenetic components of variability in plants promotes dynamics of populations, adaptation to environmental stress factors and as a result a speciation and evolution. Clonal selection in cultivated species is essential for genetic resources sustaining. Appropriate molecular markers provide researchers with requisite landmarks for elucidation of genetic and epigenetic variations. Identifying useful inherited changes in plants is one of the challenges of modern biotechnology.
Keywords
vegetative propagation, clonality, microclones, somatic mutations, epigenetic marks, molecular markers, selection
Article Details
References
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