MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF PLANT VIRUS MOVEMENT THROUGH PLANTS
Main Article Content
Authors
N.D. Deryabina
Institute of plant biology and biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Timiryazevstreet, 45, 050040
D.A. Gritsenko
Institute of plant biology and biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Timiryazevstreet, 45, 050040
Kazakh Research Institute for Plant Protection and Quarantine, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Kazybek-bi, 1
N.N. Galiakparov
Institute of plant biology and biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Timiryazevstreet, 45, 050040
Abstract
The movement of viruses through plants plays a key role in viral infection spread and establishment of the virus. Viruses have developed many strategies to ensure their efficient spread through plants and within cells to promote protein expression, replication, and production of the next generation. The movement of viruses is mainly mediated by movement proteins (MP) and to a lesser extent by capsid proteins (CP). Short-distance movement is promoted by the interactions of MP and/or CP with the host cellular cytoskeleton, which directs targeting of viral particles to the plasmodesmata. Plasmodesmata allow free intercellular passage of small molecules and limit movement of viruses due to their exclusion size. Viruses use different strategies to expand the diameter of the plasmodesmataand to enable spread of infectious viral particles over short distances. Viruses have also adapted to interact with particular host factors to promote their long-distance movements through carbohydrate fluxes. Different viral species interact with various host factors to promote their movement. The main plant regulators of viral movement along plants are callose deposits and the RNA interference mechanism. The study of viral movement is important for agriculture, for medicine, and for vector engineering to obtain recombinant products.
Keywords
cell-to-cell movement, movement, movement protein, phloem channels, plant viruses, plasmodesmata, callose
Article Details
References
Gergerich R.C., Dolja V.V. Introduction to plant viruses: the invisible foe. The Plant Health Instructor, 2006, 478 p. hppt://dx.doi.org/ 10.1094/PHI-I-2006-0414-01.
Scholthof K.B., Adkins S., Czosnek H., Palukaitis P., et al. Top 10 plant viruses in molecular plant pathology. Molecular Plant Pathology, 2011, vol.12, pp. 938-954.
Acheson H.N. Fundamentals of molecular virology. 2nd ed. New York, Wiley, 2011, 528 p.
Waigmann V., Ueki S., Trutnyeva K., Citovsky V. The ins and outs of nondestructive cell-to-cell and systemic movement of plant viruses. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 2004, vol. 23, pp. 195-250.
Lucas W.J. Plant viral movement proteins: agents for cell-to-cell trafficking of viral genomes. Virology, 2006, vol. 344, pp. 169-184.
Ziegler-Graff V., Brault V. Role of vector transmission proteins. Methods in Molecular biology, 2008, vol. 451, pp. 81-96.
Redinbaugh M.G., Hogenhout S.A. Plant rhabdoviruses. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 2005, vol. 292, pp. 143-163.
Hull R. Mattew's plant virology. USA, Academic Press, 2014, 1056 p.
Pirone P.T., Perry L.K. Aphids: non-persistent transmission. Advances in botanical research, 2002, vol. 36, pp. 1-19.
Minafra A., Gölles R., Machado A.C., Saldarelli P., et al. Expression of the coat protein genes of Grapevine virus A and B in Nicotiana species and evaluation of the resistance conferred on transgenic plants. Journal of Plant Pathology, 1998, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 197-202.
Monette P.L., James D. Detection of two strains of grapevine virus A. Plant Disease, 1990, vol. 74, no. 11, pp. 898-900.
Uzest M., Gargani D., Drucker M., Hebrard E., et al. A protein key to plant virus transmission at the tip of the insect vector stylet. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2007, vol. 104, pp. 17959-17964.
Pirone T.P., Blanc S. Helper-dependent vector transmission of plant viruses. Annual Reviews in Phytopathology, 1996, vol. 34, pp. 227-247.
Weber K.A., Hampton R.O. Transmission of two purified carlaviruses by the pea aphid. Phytopathology, 1980, vol. 70, no. 7, pp. 631-633.
Hogenhout S.A., Ammar el D., Whitfield A.E., Redinbaugh M.G. Insect vector interactions with persistently transmitted viruses. Annual Reviews in Phytopathology, 2008, vol. 46, pp. 327-359.
Jackson A.O., Dietzgen R.G., Goodin M.M., Bragg J.N., Deng M. Biology of plant rhabdoviruses. Annual Reviews in Phytopathology, 2005, vol. 43, pp. 623-660.
Brault V., Uzest M., Monsion B., Jacquot E., Blanc S. Aphids as transport devices for plant viruses. Biologies, 2010, vol. 333, pp. 524-538.
Whitfield E.A., Falk W.B., Rotenberg D. Insect vector-mediated transmission of plant viruses. Virology, 2015, vol. 480, pp. 278-289. Crossref.
Lamberti F. Nematode vectors of plant viruses. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012, 460 p.
Hyodo K., Mine A., Taniguchi T., et al. ADP ribosylation factor 1 plays an essential role in the replication of a plant RNA virus. Journal of Virology, 2013, vol. 87, pp. 163-167.
Sevilem I., Yadav R. Sh., Helariutta Y. Plasmodesmata: Channels for Intercellular Signaling During Plant Growth and Development. Plasmodesmata, Methods and Protocols. New York, Humana Press, 2015, 341 p.
Kumar D., Kumar R., Hyun T.K., Kim J-Y. Cell-to-cell movement of viruses via plasmodesmata. Journal of Plant Research, 2014, vol. 128, pp. 37-47.
Oparka J.K., Turgeon R. Sieve elements and companion cells - traffic control centers of the phloem. The Plant Cell, 1999, vol. 11, no.4, pp. 739-750. Crossref.
Stadler R., Lauterbach C., Sauer N. Cell-to-cell movement of green fluorescent protein reveals post-phloem transport in the outer integument and identifies symplastic domains in Arabidopsis seeds and embryos. Plant Physiology, 2005, vol. 139, pp. 701-712.
Heinlein M. Plasmodesmata: Methods and Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology. Strasbourg, France, Humana Press,2015, 341 p.
Pooma W., Gilette K.W., Jeffrey L.G., Petty T.D.I. Host and viral factors determine the dispensability of coat protein for bipartite Geminivirus systemic movement. Virology, 1996, vol. 218, no. 1, pp. 264-268.
Betti C., Lico C., Maffi D., D’Angeli, et al. Potato virus X movement in Nicotianabenthamiana: new details revealed by chimeric coat protein variants. Molecular Plant Pathology, 2012, vol. 13, pp. 198-203.
Tilsner J., Linnik O., Louveaux M., Roberts I.M., Chapman S.N., Oparka K.J. Replication and trafficking of a plant virus are coupled at the entrances of plasmodesmata. Journal of Cell Biology, 2013, vol. 201, pp. 981-995.
Ueki S, Citovsky V. To gate, or not to gate: regulatory mechanisms for intercellular protein transport and virus movement in plants. Molecular Plant, 2011, vol. 4, pp. 782-793. Crossref.
Ueki S., Spektor R., Natale D.M., Citovsky V. ANK, a host cytoplasmic receptor for the Tobacco mosaic virus cell-to-cell movement protein, facilitates intercellular transport through plasmodesmata. PLoS Pathogens, 2010, vol. 6, pp. 100-120.
Ding S.W., Voinnet O. Antiviral immunity directed by small RNAs. Cell, 2007, vol. 130, pp. 413-426.
Overall R.L., White R.G., Blackman L.M., Radford J.E. Actin and myosin in plasmodesmata. Actin: A Dynamic Framework for Multiple Plant Cell Functions. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 2000, pp. 1-19.
Volkmann D., Mori T., Tirlapur U.K., König K., et al. Unconventional myosins of the plant-specific class VIII: endocytosis, cytokinesis, plasmodesmata/pit-fields, and cell-to-cell coupling. Cell Biology, vol. 2003, no. 27, pp. 289-291.
Su S., Liu Z., Chen C., Zhang Y., et al. Cucumber mosaic virus movement protein severs actin filaments to increase the plasmodesmal size exclusion limit in tobacco. Plant Cell, 2010, vol. 22, pp. 1373-1387.
Karasev A.V. Genetic diversity and evolution of Closteroviruses. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 2000, vol. 38, pp. 293-324.
Alzhanova D.V., Napuli A.J., Creamer R., Dolja V.V. Cell-to-cell movement and assembly of a plant closterovirus: roles for the capsid proteins and Hsp70 homolog. EMBO Journal, 2001, vol. 20, pp. 6997-7007.
Ivanov K.I., Mäkinen K. Coat proteins, host factors and plant viral replication. Current Opinions in Virology, 2012, vol. 2, pp. 712-718.
Weber P.H., Bujarski J.J. Multiple functions of capsid proteins in (+) stranded RNA viruses during plant-virus interactions. VirusResearch, 2015, vol. 96, pp. 140-149. Crossref.
Aparicio F., Sánchez-Navarro J.A., Pallas V. Implication of the C terminus of the Prunus necrotic ringspot virus movement protein in cell-to-cell transport and in its interaction with the coat protein. Journal of General Virology, 2010, vol. 91, pp. 1865-1870.
Akamatsu N., Takeda A., Kishimoto M., Kaido M., Okuno T., Mise K. Phosphorylation and interaction of the movement and coat proteins of brome mosaic virus in infected barley protoplasts. Archives of Virology, 2007, vol. 152, pp. 2087-2093.
Conti G., Rodriguez M.C., Manacorda C.A., Asurmendi S. Transgenic expression of tobacco mosaic virus capsid and movement proteins modulate plant basal defense and biotic stress responses in Nicotianatabacum. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 2012, vol. 25, pp. 1370-1384.
Hafrén A., Hoffius D., Rönnholm G., Sonnewald U, Mäkinen K. HSP70 and its co-chaperone CPIP promote Potato virus A infection by regulating viral coat protein functions. Plant Cell, 2010, vol. 22, pp. 523-535.
Boyko V., Ferralli J., Ashby J., Schellenbaum P., Heinlein M. Function of microtubules in intercellular transport of plant virus RNA. Nature Cell Biology, 2000, vol. 2, pp. 826-832.
Scholthof H.B. Plant virus transport: motions of functional equivalence. Trends in Plant Science, 2005, vol. 10, pp. 376-382.
Verchot-Lubicz J., Torrance L., Solovyev A.G., et al. Varied movement strategies employed by triple gene block-encoding viruses. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions Journal, 2010, vol. 23, pp. 1231-1247.
Melcher U. The “30K” superfamily of viral movement proteins. Journal of General Virology, 2000, vol. 81, pp. 257-266.
Shemyakina E.A., Solovyev A.G., Leonova O.G., et al. The role of microtubule association in plasmodesmal targeting of Potato mop-top virus movement protein TGBp1. Open Virology Journal, 2011, vol. 5, pp. 1-11.
Mushegian A.R., Elena S.F. Evolution of plant virus movement proteins from the 30K superfamily and of their homologs integrated in plant genomes. Virology, 2015, vol. 476, pp. 304-315.